[Evaluation of infectious hematopoietic necrosis, infectious pancreatic necrosis and viral hemorrhagic septicemia viruses in Iranian and imported rainbow trout eggs: a cross sectional study]

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis [IHN], viral hemorrhagic septicemia [VHS] and infectious pancreatic necrosis [IPN] as important viral diseases of salmonids, especially rainbow trout can be led to mass mortality among cultured fish. The aim of the present study was to show if IHN, IPN and VHS viruses can be detected in Iranian and imported rainbow trout eyed eggs and to compare their abundances among the hatcheries of 3 regions [Farsan, Koohrang and Lordegan] in Chaharmahal va Bakhtyari Province. In each area, three hatcheries were selected, 20 eyed eggs were randomly sampled from each farm. The samples were transferred into the sterile tubes and identified by reverse transcriptase -PCR. Meanwhile, physicochemical factors were recorded for each fish. While total infection rate in eggs was 23.3%, the level of infection for IPN, IHN and VHS was 12.5%, 10% and 0.83%, respectively. In this respect, maximum and minimum frequency were observed in Farsan [19.15%] and Koohrang [0.83%]. Comparison of the infected of eggs, based on their origin, showed that the infection rates in Iranian and imported eggs were 20% and 3.33%, respectively. The results revealed that rainbow trout eggs should be considered as major source for transmission of aquatic viruses. Hence, molecular identification of above mentioned viruses in rainbow trout eggs should be done

[ protective effect of melatonin on sperm parameters, epididymis and seminal vesicle morphology in adult mouse treated with busulfan]

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of melatonin on sperm parameters, epididymis and seminal vesicle morphology in adult mouse under chemotherapy. Male adult NMRI mice were divided into four groups. The control group received a single dose of DMSO, Group 2 received a single dose of busulfan 20 mg/kg. Group 3 was administered melatonin 10 mg/kg for 5 days. Group 4 received a 5 days course of melatonin 10 mg/kg following an initial dose of busulfan 20 mg/kg. Animals were sacrificed 35 days after treatment and evaluations were made by determining of sperm count and sperm quality, histological study of epididymis, seminal vesicle and measuring of plasma testosterone level. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Tuckey test. Busulfan significantly reduced sperm count, sperm motility and normal morphology and testosterone level in comparison with that of control group [P< 0.01]. However, combined treatment increased mentioned parameters in compare with those of chemotherapy treated group [P< 0.01]. In histological evaluations busulfan resulted in vacuoles in epithelial thickness of epididymis and reduced epithelial cell height in comparison with that of control group [P< 0.001]. Busulfan reduced semen fluid and epithelial folds and epithelial cell height in seminal vesicle in comparison with those of control group [P< 0.001]. However, combined treatment, resulted in recovery and normalization of the epididymis and seminal vesicle. Melatonin has protective effect on epididymal sperm parameters, seminal vesicle and epididymis morphology in mouse under treatment with chemotherapy. Although the mechanism is not clear, it acts probably by decreasing oxidative stresses

[Buserelin inhibits apoptosis in male germ cells induced by busulfan in mouse testis]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of buserelin on apoptosis of male germ cells induced by busulfan in adult male mice. Male adult NMRI mice were divided into four group of eight each. Group 1 [control] administered PBS for 21 days subcutaneously, group 2 given 0.4 micro g buserelin for 21 days subcutaneously, group 3 given single dose of 30 mg/kg busulfan intraperitoneally and group 4 given both busulfan and buserelin for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed and their testes were dissected 35 days after the treatment. Evaluations were made by determining Johnson's score and apoptosis were assayed by terminal- deoxynucleotidyl- transferase-mediated dutp nick end labeling [TUNEL]. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA test. Recovery status and Johnson's score in group 4 were significantly higher than those of busulfan treated group 7.71 +/- 0.69 VS 4.46 +/- 0.56 [p< 0.001]. Apoptotic cells number cells were significantly more numerous in busulfan treated group than those of control 23.28 +/- 7.10 VS 3.54 +/- 1.02 [p<0.001]. While buserelin substantially reduced germ cell apoptosis in fourth group 10.50 +/- 2.91 in comparison with third group 23.28 +/- 7.10, [p<0.001]. Administration of buserelin after testicular damage by busulfan enhances the regeneration of spermatogenesis in mouse through inhibition of apoptosis in germ cells

[Genetic predisposing of P53 codon 72 on developing of breast cancer in postmenopausal women in Isfahan]

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in worldwide. 53P the suppression gene tumor has a principal role in genomic stability and its function is variated by the codon 72 polymorphism

Objective: Investigate the codon 72 polymorphism of P53 and the effect of menopause on the development of invasive breast ductal carcinoma

Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 96 patients with invasive breast ductal carcinoma and their 96 matched controls in Isfahan. The different genotypes of the codon 72 of P53 gene were identified by using allele-specific polymerase-chain reaction. Breast cancer patients were divided into two groups: postmenopausal and premenopausal. Statistical analysis was performed by using chi[2]-test

Results: In control group, the distribution of Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro genotypes were 36.5%, 45.8% and 17.7% respectively. The distributions of Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro in case group were 70.8%, 21.9% and 7.3% respectively. There is significant statistical difference in the distribution of P53 codon 72 polymorphism between case and control groups [P<0.001]. In addition, 76% of patients with Arg/Arg genotype were in post-menopause age group [P=0.05]

Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the polymorphism of codon 72 P53 is a genetic predisposing factor for the development of invasive breast ductal carcinoma in the studied sample in Isfahan and most of the patients were in postmenopausal age group

Study of p53 polymorphism at codon 72 in patients of breast cancer in Isfahan

The p53 tumor suppressor gene plays an important role in genomic stability. A common G-to-C polymorphism at codon 72 in the p53 gene has been accompanied with high risk of lung, nasopharyngeal, oral, prostate, and colorectal cancers, and may result in genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. We studied the effect of this p53 polymorphism on breast invasive ductal carcinoma development This case-control study was conducted among 51 patients with breast invasive ductal carcinoma and 51 matched controls in Isfahan. P53 codon 72 genotypes were identified using allele-specific polymerase-chain reaction [PCR]. In control samples, the genotype distribution of p53 polymorphism showed 43.2%, 52.9% and 3.9% for the Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro genotypes, respectively. In cancer group the distribution was 86.2% for Arg/Arg, 11.8% for Arg/Pro and 2% for Pro/Pro. Distribution differences in p53 codon 72 polymorphism between the cases and controls were statistically significant [P]

[Nursing staffs attitude and awareness about their role in new nursing education program]

Clinical education is the basic part of nursing education program. Presceptorship is one of the effective factors in clinical education. In this regard, a new kind of clinical instruction was designed in our country and was named as training in field. The active presence of interested clinical colleagues and their activity in the field of instruction is considered as one of the facilitating factors in attaining the aims of new instruction since students are in direct contact with the instructors as their role model throughout the training period. Meanwhile, for the personnel, it seems a necessity to have a positive attitude towards their roles in instructing students. The present study is a descriptive study with the puprose of investigating the awareness and attitude of staff nurses about their role in the new nursing education program. The study samples consisted of 106 BS nursing staffs. The instrument for collecting the data was a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, K test and analysis of variance were used in this study. The findings of the research indicated that majority of the nurses had appropriate awareness with positive attitude [74/5%]. Meanwhile, the highest number of those with weak positive attitude was for those with weak awareness [57/5%]. Other findings showed no significant relationship between samples' demographic characteristics and their awareness. But there was a significant relationship between some demographic characteristics, like type of employment, working shift, occupational rank, educational experience and their attitude. The fndings of the research showed that the majority of nurses with positive attitude had appropriate awareness and majority of stuff with weak positive attitude had weak awareness. Obviously, if nurses support the changes in education, its transition from theoretical education to in field will be facilitated. Nursing managers and educators can improve staffs' awareness and encourage them to have a positive attitude in order to play their role better

[ study on low back pain among nursing and midwifery personnel in West Mazandaran]

Low back pain [LBP] is the most common disease in human after common cold. It has been statistically proved that 80 percent of individuals have referred, at least once, to a doctor because of LBP. This was a descriptive study to determine incidence of LBP in nursing and midwifery employees in west Mazandran hospitals. This study was conducted on 220 cases selected randomly. The data were collected through questionnaires. The validity credit of questionnaires with test retest method was found 91% through t-retest. The data then were analyzed by statistical, descriptive and inferential tests [Qi-square and ANOVA]. The Findings showed that 60.6% of the nursing employees were suffering from LBP. The majority of the subjects suffering from LBP were married and working as nurse aids while the MS employees did not suffer from LBP. There was a significant relationship between LBP and marital status, education, age, weight and years of work experience. According to the results, since the majority of subjects were suffering from LBP, it is necessary to use the findings in educational field to promote employees' levels of knowledge